Formalism, structuralism and cognitivism are the influential schools of linguistic studies. 形式主义，结构主义，和认知主义在语言学研究中是相当有影响力的三大流派。
Cognitivism recognizes the S-R link but deals mostly with the information processing that occurs between stimulus and response. 认知主义认识到简链接，但主要是处理与信息处理之间发生刺激和反应。
