Generally speaking, chemical groups are introduced into latex by means of polymerization of polymerizable surfactant or functional monomer. 一般来说，化学基团通过可聚合表面活性剂或功能性单体引入乳胶粒内。
Those removals alter electrical charges in a way that allows the protein to pick up other phosphate-containing chemical groups to pass along as part of a molecular bucket brigade. 移除的过程将在一定程度上改变电荷，从而使得该蛋白可以摄取其他含磷酸基的化学基团，作为分子桶桥的一部分继续向前移动。
